Arindam Banerjee
2021-07-12 01:43:22 UTC
The physics aphorisms of Arindam
1.1 While relativity is completely wrong, such cannot be said of quantum theory.
1.2 However it depends upon energy levels of the orbital electrons. It ignores the existence of aether. It is devoid of any geometric basis for electron movement.
1.3 Depending upon energy levels to begin with is perilous. Energy is for business and money-making - the physicist should be interested primarily about forces. And as force unlike power/energy is a vector quantity, and so has direction, the geometrical situation is of paramount importance.
1.4 Using quantum theory, reflection of light may be explained this way - an incoming packet of energy called a photon causes an electron to jump from a lower energy orbital shell to a higher energy orbital shell. This is unstable, so it jumps down from the higher energy orbital shell to the lower energy orbital shell. The difference in energy is emitted now as a photon.
1.5 In 1.4 above the implicit notion is that the electron orbits are circular. It is also implied that the photon must have some mass as it has energy following e=mcc, and this mass with movmentum mc has the energy to kick up the electron to the higher orbit shell.
1.6 Now let us consider the above phenomenon in terms of aether, forces and geometries.
1.7 Aether by definition is a very fine solid through which all protons and electrons and neutrons pass the way bullets may go through grass which does not break but just bends. The photon in the aetheric context is a small burst of radiant energy. It is a disturbance with no mass.
1.8 When this aetheric disturbance caused by the radiation reaches the electron and as it envelops the electron, it changes the orbit of the electron by displacement.
1.9 In the process of displacement the disturbance loses its energy as the force to displace the electron is lost with the movement of the electron. This is for the first quarter cycle of the wave - from zero to peak
1.10 As a result of the energy absorption the orbit of the electron is no longer circular but elliptical, and more "high energy" that way.
1.11 An electric field is created with the dipole effect caused by the elliptic orbit. There was no electric field before the disturbance; now there is; so there has been a change of electric field meaning that has to be a corresponding changing magnetic field. Which will creating another changing electric field and so on till we have a burst of radiation, equivalent to the photon.
1.12 The electron at the higher energy level or greater ellipticity can be returned to the original orbit shell with the next quarter of the wave, from peak to zero. Again, as per 1.11 there will be a electromagnetic wave formation completing the half cycle.
1.13 The electron in this case does not behave as a single orbiting particle but as a thin and elastic rubber band.
1.14 The idea of the electron not as a particle but as a rubber band is of crucial importance in our study of he nucleus of an atom.
2.1 Aether, a solid made of infinitely fine particles, fills the entire
infinite universe.
2.2 The particles can vibrate, that is, oscillate about their mean positions.
2.3 The only force in the universe is electric as matter is made up of positive and negative charges.
2.4 When the electric field changes, it creates a changing magnetic field, which creates a changing electric field and so on. The changing electric fields vibrate the aether.
2.5 If the electric field loops as in a current, there is a steady magnetic field.
2.6 Matter is made up of negative charges called electrons and protons that are positive charges.
2.7 Under mutual attraction, they go through aether as a diver through a wave. When static, they let the wave push them this way and that.
2.8 Aether is a solid but its density cannot be found as aether fills everything including the space within the atom.
2.9 Only the density of protons and electrons can be estimated, for their mass and volume may be known from experiments.
2.10 Aether cannot affect the normal movement of the electrons and protons as they go through aether. There is no drag.
2.11 Aether bends to let electrons and protons squeeze through. No loss of momentum, thus, in the normal situation.
2.11 But with the applies electric field there is aetheric swaying from
vibration about their mean positions according to the frequency of the
changing electric field. This is what moves the electrons from their normal states. In this displacement of the electron the kinetic energy of the electromagnetic wave is absorbed.
2.12 Thus only when there is an electric field causing vibration to the aether there is momentum transfer to the electron.
2.13 Electrons are like rubber bands while protons may be spherical.
3.1 The aether particles are infinitely small by definition.
3.2 As they are infinitely small like points they have as you say no shape nor structure not volume.
3.3 Under the impact of electrical forces they vibrate and this vibration impacts upon the momentum of the electrons.
3.4 Thus the kinetic energy of the vibration transforms to the kinetic energy of the electron.
3.5 The reverse situation happens when the electron loses its kinetic energy. It creates the aetheric vibration.
3.6 This is understood it as water molecules going past a very thin set of wires forming a sieve. Only this time the water molecules stick to each other in their relative positions.
3.7 Aether particles bend aside to let the electrons and protons pass through them.
4.1 The definition of aether follows from a book referred to and quoted from in my 2005 post.'
https://groups.google.com/d/msg/soc.culture.australian/wwQ4LkfM4bc/7uhLA2kLDfQJ
4.2 aether: a solid where infinitely fine, infinitely elastic particles filling the entire infinite universe including the inter-atomic spaces maintain their respective positions. It is the medium for the propagation of energy with electromagnetic waves.
4.3 The 19th century notions of aether are extended to explain the propagation of electromagnetic waves acting upon the electrons in matter; and how matter receives these waves and creates these waves. This is the field approach where forces with their directions are given primary importance.
4.4 This is a far superior and intuitive approach than its alternative, the energy based quantum theory which depends solely upon assumptions piled upon assumptions.
5.1 Consider a firecracker - the amount of gunpowder is small as compared to the amount of packing. When the cracker explodes, the paper or string is blown out. It is supposed that the energy of the firecracker comes from the powder alone. For the string or paper surrounding the powder is chemically inert.
5.2 The above fact, that packing is needed for powerful explosions, was very well known to all those using muzzle loader guns. They had to pack the powder in.
5.3 That loose powder does not explode, merely burns well, is also clearly shown by the behaviour of fuses.
5.4 If we go by the calorie output of fuses and crackers, we should get the same result.
5.4 However firecrackers, bombs, etc. that require a lot of packing (paper or steel casing) produce a lot more kinetic energy than the fuse.
5.5 This kinetic energy is evidently coming from the packing.
5.6 Tighter the packing, greater the energy.
5.7 These are some of the basic issues, observed from Nature, that will be useful to understand the formula of energy creation and destruction, namely 0.5mVVN(N-k).
6.1 Let a mass m in free space have within its geometry an internal energy source that can increase its velocity by an amount v each time an amount of energy k.E from it is utilised. The kinetic increases after each hit increases by E = 0.5mvv. k is an efficiency factor greater than 1 related to the losses involved in converting the internal energy to the kinetic energy. After N hits the velocity will be Nv. With respect to the initial state the kinetic energy of the mass will be 0.5mvvNN. The internal energy used up will be NkE or 0.5mvvNk. Thus the increase in energy e after N hits will be, if N>k, e=0.5mvvN(N-k).
6.2 The most obvious display of internal energy creating internal force
equally in directions is the chemical explosion. A matchstick, a bullet, a chemical bomb - these are all examples of chemical explosion showing the utilisation of internal energy used for creating internal force, that causing heat and kinetic energy to the surroundings.
6.3 Aphorisms 5.1 to 5.7 (given below) elaborate on the nature of the explosion in relation to the energy generated, with respect to packing of the explosive matter.
6.4 The nuclear explosion creates a great deal more destructive kinetic
energy than a chemical explosion. This is because the packing in a nuclear explosion is much more dense than a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction atoms are involved. In a nuclear reaction the nucleus is involved.
6.5 In quantitative terms, the dimension of an atom is of the order of
10^-10m; the dimension of the nucleus is of the order of 10^-15m or 10^5 times more. This is the linear dimension - in three dimensions the packing of nuclei will be denser by a factor of 10^15. However in a nuclear explosion it is not as if all the atoms are bunched up as nuclei - so the packing factor is in between 10^5 to 10^15. Let us say that a nuclear explosion the active constituents are packed to the order of 10^6 with respect to the chemical explosion to be conservative.
6.6 From the above rough analysis, it is obvious that the nuclear explosion, for the same mass, should be 10^10 times more powerful than the chemical explosion. 1 ton of TNT generates 5*10^9 joules; a nuclear bomb of mass 1 ton of active material (the nuclear material plus the packing surrounds) should thus generate 5*10^15 joules. Now a hydrogen bomb of 1 Megaton generates 5*10^15 joules.
6.7 Thus the simple matter of packing the fissile material explains the vast disparity of energy between the nuclear explosion and the chemical explosion.
6.8 What is happening is that the N factor in the equation e=0.5mvvN(N-k)
is much higher for the nuclear explosion than it is for the chemical. Each atom in m gets hit N times in any explosion - greater the packing, more the N. The outer atoms get hit by inner atoms that are getting out in all directions, again and again. The force is directed in all directions; the non-fissile elements get hit by the fissile atoms that keep on expanding out at a great velocity.
7.0 About the hydrogen bomb, and how the so-called strong nuclear force is actually the familiar electrostatic force operating at the atomic nucleus level.
7.1 The hydrogen atom is composed of a single proton and a single electron circling around it, as per the most established model of the hydrogen atom. There are isotopes of hydrogen occuring naturally - there is a neutron associated with that single proton. It is this isotope - deuterium - of hydrogen that is used in nuclear bombs (called hydrogen bombs, based upon supposed fusion).
7.2 In fusion, the deuterium is supposed to become another isotope - tritium - after intense heat is applied as a result of an earlier fission bomb. There is apparently a drop in mass, that is translated into energy. However, we can propose another alternative explanation for this great energy.
7.3 Consider a neutron to be a close union of a proton and an electron. The bond between them is extraordinarily strong - two charges joined at a zero distance, so the bonding force is very great. However, let us assert that the electron does not lose its identity even in this close union.
7.4 A deuterium atom can thus be seen as the union of two protons joined by an electron. The bonding force here is very strong, but can be broken with enormous impact is caused as a result of nuclear fission.
7.5 Nuclear fission causes the extraordinary aether vibration to break apart the bonding in the deuterium atom. The two protons in the nucleus cannot be held together by the electron. As the electron gives up its hold, the two protons, that are at a very close distance, move apart with extraordinary force.
7.6 The movement of the protons with respect to the electron causes a time varying electric field, which will create a time varying magnetic field, and together they will proceed as a very high energy electromagnetic gamma ray once again causing aetheric vibration. This vibration will dissociate the other deuterium atoms, causing a chain reaction. Being very fast, and very powerful with the most extrordinary electrostatic forces being released, the hydrogen bomb is thus created.
7.7 The hydrogen bomb thus has nothing to do with fusion, but with the fission of the deuterium isotope of hydrogen.
7.8 The deuterium isotope may be considered the fundamental building block for the nuclei of all other elements. Multiples of them, with extra neutrons, constitute the nuclei of the heavier elements. The electrons glue the protons together, while presenting a net positive charge that are balanced by the electrons orbiting the nucleus.
1.1 While relativity is completely wrong, such cannot be said of quantum theory.
1.2 However it depends upon energy levels of the orbital electrons. It ignores the existence of aether. It is devoid of any geometric basis for electron movement.
1.3 Depending upon energy levels to begin with is perilous. Energy is for business and money-making - the physicist should be interested primarily about forces. And as force unlike power/energy is a vector quantity, and so has direction, the geometrical situation is of paramount importance.
1.4 Using quantum theory, reflection of light may be explained this way - an incoming packet of energy called a photon causes an electron to jump from a lower energy orbital shell to a higher energy orbital shell. This is unstable, so it jumps down from the higher energy orbital shell to the lower energy orbital shell. The difference in energy is emitted now as a photon.
1.5 In 1.4 above the implicit notion is that the electron orbits are circular. It is also implied that the photon must have some mass as it has energy following e=mcc, and this mass with movmentum mc has the energy to kick up the electron to the higher orbit shell.
1.6 Now let us consider the above phenomenon in terms of aether, forces and geometries.
1.7 Aether by definition is a very fine solid through which all protons and electrons and neutrons pass the way bullets may go through grass which does not break but just bends. The photon in the aetheric context is a small burst of radiant energy. It is a disturbance with no mass.
1.8 When this aetheric disturbance caused by the radiation reaches the electron and as it envelops the electron, it changes the orbit of the electron by displacement.
1.9 In the process of displacement the disturbance loses its energy as the force to displace the electron is lost with the movement of the electron. This is for the first quarter cycle of the wave - from zero to peak
1.10 As a result of the energy absorption the orbit of the electron is no longer circular but elliptical, and more "high energy" that way.
1.11 An electric field is created with the dipole effect caused by the elliptic orbit. There was no electric field before the disturbance; now there is; so there has been a change of electric field meaning that has to be a corresponding changing magnetic field. Which will creating another changing electric field and so on till we have a burst of radiation, equivalent to the photon.
1.12 The electron at the higher energy level or greater ellipticity can be returned to the original orbit shell with the next quarter of the wave, from peak to zero. Again, as per 1.11 there will be a electromagnetic wave formation completing the half cycle.
1.13 The electron in this case does not behave as a single orbiting particle but as a thin and elastic rubber band.
1.14 The idea of the electron not as a particle but as a rubber band is of crucial importance in our study of he nucleus of an atom.
2.1 Aether, a solid made of infinitely fine particles, fills the entire
infinite universe.
2.2 The particles can vibrate, that is, oscillate about their mean positions.
2.3 The only force in the universe is electric as matter is made up of positive and negative charges.
2.4 When the electric field changes, it creates a changing magnetic field, which creates a changing electric field and so on. The changing electric fields vibrate the aether.
2.5 If the electric field loops as in a current, there is a steady magnetic field.
2.6 Matter is made up of negative charges called electrons and protons that are positive charges.
2.7 Under mutual attraction, they go through aether as a diver through a wave. When static, they let the wave push them this way and that.
2.8 Aether is a solid but its density cannot be found as aether fills everything including the space within the atom.
2.9 Only the density of protons and electrons can be estimated, for their mass and volume may be known from experiments.
2.10 Aether cannot affect the normal movement of the electrons and protons as they go through aether. There is no drag.
2.11 Aether bends to let electrons and protons squeeze through. No loss of momentum, thus, in the normal situation.
2.11 But with the applies electric field there is aetheric swaying from
vibration about their mean positions according to the frequency of the
changing electric field. This is what moves the electrons from their normal states. In this displacement of the electron the kinetic energy of the electromagnetic wave is absorbed.
2.12 Thus only when there is an electric field causing vibration to the aether there is momentum transfer to the electron.
2.13 Electrons are like rubber bands while protons may be spherical.
3.1 The aether particles are infinitely small by definition.
3.2 As they are infinitely small like points they have as you say no shape nor structure not volume.
3.3 Under the impact of electrical forces they vibrate and this vibration impacts upon the momentum of the electrons.
3.4 Thus the kinetic energy of the vibration transforms to the kinetic energy of the electron.
3.5 The reverse situation happens when the electron loses its kinetic energy. It creates the aetheric vibration.
3.6 This is understood it as water molecules going past a very thin set of wires forming a sieve. Only this time the water molecules stick to each other in their relative positions.
3.7 Aether particles bend aside to let the electrons and protons pass through them.
4.1 The definition of aether follows from a book referred to and quoted from in my 2005 post.'
https://groups.google.com/d/msg/soc.culture.australian/wwQ4LkfM4bc/7uhLA2kLDfQJ
4.2 aether: a solid where infinitely fine, infinitely elastic particles filling the entire infinite universe including the inter-atomic spaces maintain their respective positions. It is the medium for the propagation of energy with electromagnetic waves.
4.3 The 19th century notions of aether are extended to explain the propagation of electromagnetic waves acting upon the electrons in matter; and how matter receives these waves and creates these waves. This is the field approach where forces with their directions are given primary importance.
4.4 This is a far superior and intuitive approach than its alternative, the energy based quantum theory which depends solely upon assumptions piled upon assumptions.
5.1 Consider a firecracker - the amount of gunpowder is small as compared to the amount of packing. When the cracker explodes, the paper or string is blown out. It is supposed that the energy of the firecracker comes from the powder alone. For the string or paper surrounding the powder is chemically inert.
5.2 The above fact, that packing is needed for powerful explosions, was very well known to all those using muzzle loader guns. They had to pack the powder in.
5.3 That loose powder does not explode, merely burns well, is also clearly shown by the behaviour of fuses.
5.4 If we go by the calorie output of fuses and crackers, we should get the same result.
5.4 However firecrackers, bombs, etc. that require a lot of packing (paper or steel casing) produce a lot more kinetic energy than the fuse.
5.5 This kinetic energy is evidently coming from the packing.
5.6 Tighter the packing, greater the energy.
5.7 These are some of the basic issues, observed from Nature, that will be useful to understand the formula of energy creation and destruction, namely 0.5mVVN(N-k).
6.1 Let a mass m in free space have within its geometry an internal energy source that can increase its velocity by an amount v each time an amount of energy k.E from it is utilised. The kinetic increases after each hit increases by E = 0.5mvv. k is an efficiency factor greater than 1 related to the losses involved in converting the internal energy to the kinetic energy. After N hits the velocity will be Nv. With respect to the initial state the kinetic energy of the mass will be 0.5mvvNN. The internal energy used up will be NkE or 0.5mvvNk. Thus the increase in energy e after N hits will be, if N>k, e=0.5mvvN(N-k).
6.2 The most obvious display of internal energy creating internal force
equally in directions is the chemical explosion. A matchstick, a bullet, a chemical bomb - these are all examples of chemical explosion showing the utilisation of internal energy used for creating internal force, that causing heat and kinetic energy to the surroundings.
6.3 Aphorisms 5.1 to 5.7 (given below) elaborate on the nature of the explosion in relation to the energy generated, with respect to packing of the explosive matter.
6.4 The nuclear explosion creates a great deal more destructive kinetic
energy than a chemical explosion. This is because the packing in a nuclear explosion is much more dense than a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction atoms are involved. In a nuclear reaction the nucleus is involved.
6.5 In quantitative terms, the dimension of an atom is of the order of
10^-10m; the dimension of the nucleus is of the order of 10^-15m or 10^5 times more. This is the linear dimension - in three dimensions the packing of nuclei will be denser by a factor of 10^15. However in a nuclear explosion it is not as if all the atoms are bunched up as nuclei - so the packing factor is in between 10^5 to 10^15. Let us say that a nuclear explosion the active constituents are packed to the order of 10^6 with respect to the chemical explosion to be conservative.
6.6 From the above rough analysis, it is obvious that the nuclear explosion, for the same mass, should be 10^10 times more powerful than the chemical explosion. 1 ton of TNT generates 5*10^9 joules; a nuclear bomb of mass 1 ton of active material (the nuclear material plus the packing surrounds) should thus generate 5*10^15 joules. Now a hydrogen bomb of 1 Megaton generates 5*10^15 joules.
6.7 Thus the simple matter of packing the fissile material explains the vast disparity of energy between the nuclear explosion and the chemical explosion.
6.8 What is happening is that the N factor in the equation e=0.5mvvN(N-k)
is much higher for the nuclear explosion than it is for the chemical. Each atom in m gets hit N times in any explosion - greater the packing, more the N. The outer atoms get hit by inner atoms that are getting out in all directions, again and again. The force is directed in all directions; the non-fissile elements get hit by the fissile atoms that keep on expanding out at a great velocity.
7.0 About the hydrogen bomb, and how the so-called strong nuclear force is actually the familiar electrostatic force operating at the atomic nucleus level.
7.1 The hydrogen atom is composed of a single proton and a single electron circling around it, as per the most established model of the hydrogen atom. There are isotopes of hydrogen occuring naturally - there is a neutron associated with that single proton. It is this isotope - deuterium - of hydrogen that is used in nuclear bombs (called hydrogen bombs, based upon supposed fusion).
7.2 In fusion, the deuterium is supposed to become another isotope - tritium - after intense heat is applied as a result of an earlier fission bomb. There is apparently a drop in mass, that is translated into energy. However, we can propose another alternative explanation for this great energy.
7.3 Consider a neutron to be a close union of a proton and an electron. The bond between them is extraordinarily strong - two charges joined at a zero distance, so the bonding force is very great. However, let us assert that the electron does not lose its identity even in this close union.
7.4 A deuterium atom can thus be seen as the union of two protons joined by an electron. The bonding force here is very strong, but can be broken with enormous impact is caused as a result of nuclear fission.
7.5 Nuclear fission causes the extraordinary aether vibration to break apart the bonding in the deuterium atom. The two protons in the nucleus cannot be held together by the electron. As the electron gives up its hold, the two protons, that are at a very close distance, move apart with extraordinary force.
7.6 The movement of the protons with respect to the electron causes a time varying electric field, which will create a time varying magnetic field, and together they will proceed as a very high energy electromagnetic gamma ray once again causing aetheric vibration. This vibration will dissociate the other deuterium atoms, causing a chain reaction. Being very fast, and very powerful with the most extrordinary electrostatic forces being released, the hydrogen bomb is thus created.
7.7 The hydrogen bomb thus has nothing to do with fusion, but with the fission of the deuterium isotope of hydrogen.
7.8 The deuterium isotope may be considered the fundamental building block for the nuclei of all other elements. Multiples of them, with extra neutrons, constitute the nuclei of the heavier elements. The electrons glue the protons together, while presenting a net positive charge that are balanced by the electrons orbiting the nucleus.